四川：绿色高效山地农业赋能乡村振兴******
中新网成都11月27日电 (单鹏)初冬时节，四川广元昭化区昭化镇的猕猴桃进入越冬管理期。在昭化镇朝阳村“省四星级现代农业园区”里，一株株猕猴桃树的树干被涂白剂“刷白”，工人三三两两修剪树枝。近来朝阳村村民居太高每天都要下地转一转，“把越冬管理做好了，来年才会有好收成。”他说。
广元是世界红心猕猴桃发源地和最大生产基地，但几年前，坐落在群山之间的朝阳村却是个“另类”。由于缺乏发展规划，该村土地零散，大部分土地以传统农作物种植为主，部分还是荒山和杂木林。“2017年我们来到当地支持山地农业发展，针对朝阳村做了详细规划，论证到底该发展什么产业、如何布局生产，最终确定在中低海拔区(500-700米)重点发展猕猴桃种植，稍高海拔区(700-900米)以桃李产业为主。”四川省农业科学院园艺研究所副所长、研究员陈栋表示。
果树冬管技术培训会现场。 四川省农业科学院 供图经过几年培育，朝阳村成为当地猕猴桃、桃的重要产区之一，并带动了周边村镇的果树产业发展。从荒山到遍地果园，朝阳村的蜕变是四川山地农业发展的缩影。近年来，四川山地农业走出一条从增产到提质的绿色高质量发展之路：特色产业在四川盆周山区以及贫困地区逐步发展，西南山地主要作物优质高产高效技术体系逐渐形成，优质粮油、茶叶、特色水果、道地中药材、特色食用菌、高原蔬菜品种选育取得显著成效。
“种植猕猴桃和桃后，村里发生了翻天覆地的变化。”居太高说，随着收入提高，村里路宽了、环境美了，土坯房也变成了漂亮的小楼房，“朝阳村人均年收入从几千元提高到2万多元，越来越多的年轻人愿意返乡搞农业。”
作为在高山地域环境下形成的农业形态，山地农业地块多、面积小、分布零散，这意味着发展山地农业比平原地区面临更多挑战：不仅机械化、规模化种植难以施展拳脚，交通、用水、土质差也是难题。“发展山地农业，种植技术相对复杂，首先要根据当地的土壤、气候条件选择适合的品种，其次要因地制宜确定栽培模式，防治病虫害、加强土肥水管理。在无法大规模机械化的条件下，局部只能尝试使用小型机械，比如小型割草机、移动式喷药机或移动液压施肥枪等。”陈栋表示。
“红心猕猴桃的主要问题是抗溃疡病能力弱，在山地条件下，高海拔导致的低温以及多雨环境会提高溃疡病的发病率。”据四川省农业科学院园艺研究所研究员涂美艳介绍，溃疡病是一种细菌性病害，具有隐蔽性、暴发性、毁灭性的特点，“我们在园区内不仅引进示范了不同类型猕猴桃优新品种，还和当地农业农村局共同示范应用了红心猕猴桃避雨设施栽培技术，设计了不同类型的避雨棚供种植户选择，还配套了智能水肥一体化设施，探索并推广了果粮套作模式，很好地预防了溃疡病的发生。”
四川有较多的山地和丘陵，发展山地农业对推动当地乡村振兴具有重要意义。谈及四川山地农业下一步发展时，四川省农业科学院党委书记吕火明表示，将围绕粮食安全发展好小麦、水稻、玉米等粮食作物，同时关注林下产品、功能性农产品、养殖等产业发展。同时将因地制宜关注产业多样化，发展适合山区的特色产业，开发农旅产品，推动农旅融合，“总的目标是通过发展山地农业带动乡村振兴。”
“在山地农业国际交流方面，我们与泰国、越南、老挝等东南亚国家以及阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯省加强交流、开展紧密合作。”吕火明表示，将进一步加快国外先进科技技术成果引进，为四川山地农业现代化注入强劲动力，还将推动自主科研成果“走出去”，提高四川农业科技的国际影响力。(完)
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾****** 中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。  资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。 麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。 一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。 此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。 作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。 美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。 这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。 从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。 两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。  House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy". The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader. Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party. On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration. On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses. Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees. As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives. But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker. CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful. This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally. Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits. From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public. Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world. The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle. 
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